| 1. |
RFE/RL Daily Report - 2 December 1994 (mind) |
35 sor |
 (cikkei) |
| 2. |
Washington Post - EU (mind) |
71 sor |
 (cikkei) |
| 3. |
Washington Post - NATO (mind) |
127 sor |
 (cikkei) |
| 4. |
VoA: Vasuti szerencsetlenseg - Christopher/Kozep-Europa (mind) |
236 sor |
 (cikkei) |
| 5. |
VoA - Szocialistak, Bosznia sajtoszemle (2 cikk) (mind) |
232 sor |
 (cikkei) |
| 6. |
NATO sajtokozlemeny (mind) |
567 sor |
 (cikkei) |
| 7. |
RFE/RL Daily Report - 5 December 1994 (mind) |
62 sor |
 (cikkei) |
| 8. |
VoA - CSCE (mind) |
83 sor |
 (cikkei) |
| 9. |
Az MNB hivatalos arfolyamai, 1994-DEC-02 (mind) |
40 sor |
 (cikkei) |
| 10. |
Az MNB hivatalos arfolyamai, 1994-DEC-02 (mind) |
40 sor |
 (cikkei) |
|
| + - | RFE/RL Daily Report - 2 December 1994 (mind) |
VÁLASZ |
Feladó:  (cikkei)
|
RFE/RL Daily Report
No. 227, 2 December 1994
HUNGARIAN RAIL WORKERS TO STRIKE. The Rail Workers and Locomotive
Drivers Trade Unions on 30 November announced they would stage a
warning strike on 8 December and a 36-hour general strike
beginning 12 December, MTI reports. The trade unions are demanding
a minimum 10 percent wage increase for 1995, but the government is
not willing to grant more than 6 percent. Transportation and
Telecommunications Minister Karoly Lotz on 1 December warned that
a strike would not solve the railway's problems but would cause
serious damage to the country. Hungarian State Railways have been
operating at a loss for years. -- Edith Oltay, RFE/RL, Inc.
[As of 1200 CET]
(Compiled by Jan Cleave and Pete Baumgartner)
Copyright 1994, RFE/RL, Inc. All rights reserved.
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A tovabbterjesztest a New York-i szekhelyu Magyar Emberi Jogok
Alapitvany tamogatja.
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Reposting is supported by Hungarian Human Rights Foundation News
and Information Service.
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|
| + - | Washington Post - EU (mind) |
VÁLASZ |
Feladó:  (cikkei)
|
6 E. European States Invited to EU Summit
RICK ATKINSON (WASHINGTON POST FOREIGN SERVICE)
(C) 1994 THE WASHINGTON POST (LEGI-SLATE ARTICLE NO. 217664)
BERLIN, Nov. 30 - Germany and France today sidestepped their disagreement
over Bosnia and instead focused on the future of the European Union by
inviting six potential new members to next week's EU summit.
German Chancellor Helmut Kohl and French President Francois Mitterrand,
meeting in Bonn for their final bilateral talks before Mitterrand leaves
office in the spring, told reporters that invitations had been issued to the
leaders of Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria and
Romania.
EU leaders will gather on Dec. 9 in Essen in western Germany to discuss a
timetable for admitting former Warsaw Pact countries into the economic and
political alliance. Although today's invitations were intended to signal good
faith regarding expansion plans, significant obstacles remain to be resolved
before any relatively poor cousins from the east are admitted.
Given the need to overhaul EU agricultural policy and the union's
internal subsidy system, few observers expect another expansion before 2000.
Three prosperous countries - Austria, Sweden and Finland - have recently
voted to join the EU, while Norwegian voters rejected membership this week.
"This is very important for psychological reasons," Kohl said, referring to
the invitations, "because in recent days we had a referendum in Norway that
went in the opposite direction."
Kohl and Mitterrand, practiced hands when it comes to public displays of
unity, played down a recent schism over Bosnia policy and called for renewed
diplomatic efforts to end the civil war there.
Kohl's Christian Democratic Union passed a resolution Monday endorsing
the view that a U.N. arms embargo might have to be lifted if Bosnia's Muslim
led government is to resist further Serb aggression. Kohl voted for the
resolution and his most trusted aide, Wolfgang Schaeuble, in recent days has
argued forcefully for arming the Muslims.
French officials have privately expressed alarm at this development,
which parallels a move in the U.S. Congress to lift the embargo. Bonn, like
Washington, has no troops in Bosnia. France, by contrast, has several
thousand peacekeepers there and fears their safety will be jeopardized if the
West openly swings against the Bosnian Serbs.
Kohl recently condemned as a "disgrace" the West's inability to preserve
the sanctity of the U.N. "safe area" at Bihac, a Muslim-held exclave in
northwestern Bosnia surrounded by Serb forces. But with the United States
retailoring its Bosnian policy to forswear military pressure in favor of
political concessions to Serbia, the Germans now appear eager to avoid any
rupture with France or further fray NATO's bonds. German Foreign Minister
Klaus Kinkel this week has sought to reassure Bonn's European allies, while
Kohl today praised France's peacekeeping efforts and stressed the need for
negotiation.
Noting that Germany has declined to contribute troops to the U.N.
mission in the Balkans because of concern that the memory of German military
atrocities during World War II would be provocative, Kohl said, "We should
hold ourselves back from comment because we don't have our soldiers there due
to our political situation."
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A tovabbterjesztest a New York-i szekhelyu Magyar Emberi Jogok
Alapitvany tamogatja.
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Reposting is supported by Hungarian Human Rights Foundation News
and Information Service.
*****************************************************************
|
| + - | Washington Post - NATO (mind) |
VÁLASZ |
Feladó:  (cikkei)
|
Russian Minister Balks at NATO's Expansion Plans
DANIEL WILLIAMS (WASHINGTON POST STAFF WRITER)
(C) 1994 THE WASHINGTON POST (LEGI-SLATE ARTICLE NO. 217756)
BRUSSELS, Dec. 1 - Russian Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev disrupted the
close of a NATO foreign ministers' meeting today by objecting to the
alliance's plans for expansion and by withholding agreement to a program of
military cooperation between Moscow and its former Western adversaries.
Just hours earlier, NATO had laid out plans to develop basic membership
requirements for former East Bloc countries that want to be covered by NATO's
security blanket.
But the announcement was heavily weighted with caution. The ministers,
including Secretary of State Warren Christopher, declined to say which
nations would be admitted and when.
The omission was in part an attempt to allay Russian suspicions that NATO
expansion, which Moscow has long regarded as threatening, would move quickly.
But today's announcement did go beyond the Partnership for Peace, a program
of cooperation between NATO and its former adversaries that expressly
excluded setting membership criteria or timetables.
In an awkward exchange, Kozyrev told the 16 alliance ministers and NATO
Secretary General Willy Claes that he would not sign Russia into the
Partnership for Peace, which Russia agreed in principle to join earlier this
year following a similar display of reluctance by Kozyrev at a NATO meeting
in Istanbul.
"Very frankly, I must tell you there are certain issues that must be
clarified," he said, fingering the day's NATO communique which laid out steps
for possible expansion. "If the strategy of NATO is to enlarge, that requires
consultation."
Claes quickly responded that "it's not too difficult to explain. I'll ask
the press to leave now. ..." Television cameras were shut off.
U.S. officials dismissed Kozyrev's reaction, saying they expected Russia
to sign. "I would be tempted to say it was a theatrical performance meant for
domestic political consumption," State Department spokesman Michael McCurry
said. The government of President Boris Yeltsin has been criticized by
conservatives at home for moving too close to the West.
Overall, today was a day of struggle for NATO to show resolve and
purpose. Officials sought to paint a bright picture of the future of European
security and divert attention from the alliance's ineffective role in Bosnia.
NATO officials all but wrote off the Bosnian conflict, less than a year
after alliance leaders, including President Clinton, pledged use of NATO air
power to protect Muslim civilians in Bosnia from attack by Serb insurgents.
The Clinton administration regarded the threat of airstrikes as a way to
pressure the Serbs, whom it has labeled the aggressors in the Bosnian
conflict, to sign a peace accord.
The threat dribbled away last week as the Serbs assaulted a U.N.
protected "safe area" around the town of Bihac, controlled by the Muslim-led
Bosnian government. At a NATO meeting last Thursday, Britain and France
rebuffed an American request for airstrikes, prompting the Clinton
administration to abandon the tactic of linking force to diplomacy. NATO was
left trying to buck up its own image.
"The solution for this appalling conflict cannot come from this
organization alone," said Claes.
"I have heard no head of state or prime minister ready to take the risks"
of full-scale intervention, he added.
What is important, he told a news conference, is NATO "solidarity,"
noting that NATO's performance in Bosnia is limited by U.N. dictates.
Christopher, at a later appearance, suggested that future security
arrangements will better handle Bosnia-like conflicts. "Bosnia was certainly
on our minds today, but we really addressed the future of NATO," he said.
Repeating a position maintained as far back as the Bush administration, he
said that only a massive troop commitment would make a difference and that
the United States was "not willing to engage 100,000 troops" in Bosnia.
In today's talks, Bosnia - where troops from NATO members Britain,
rance, Spain and Canada serve as U.N. peacekeepers - was only a subject of a
luncheon discussion, and was barely raised during the formal morning and
afternoon meetings. Of 20 items on a final communique, Bosnia was No. 18,
just ahead of attaching "importance ... to developments around the
Mediterranean." NATO called for a cease-fire, supported diplomacy and warned
the Serbs to release more than 450 U.N. personnel they are holding as virtual
hostages.
Air power was available only "in accordance of existing arrangements "I
would be tempted to say it was a theatrical performance meant for domestic
consumption."
- State Department spokesman
with the United Nations," the communique said.
Christopher said NATO is making plans in case peacekeeping troops have to
be withdrawn because of stepped-up fighting.
The eagerness to put Bosnia aside undercut the day's official message:
that even after the Cold War, NATO is still the key to European security.
The main business of the day, NATO and U.S. officials said, was an
agreement on steps toward NATO expansion.
The ministers stopped short of guaranteeing membership once the
conditions are fulfilled and effectively delayed for at least a year the
controversial decision on who will get in and when. During the next three or
four months, NATO will study the costs and obligations for membership and
present them to prospective members, notably Poland, Hungary and the Czech
Republic.
"The initial exchanges are not intended to be the beginning of accession
negotiations," Christopher said. "Neither will they indicate that any partner
is necessarily a candidate for admission."
The alliance appeared to be wary of offending Russia, which opposes
inclusion of any former Soviet satellites. Kozyrev was unimpressed.
Arriving after the NATO meeting, Kozyrev expressed surprise at the
decision to study expansion. In effect, he frustrated U.S. officials' efforts
to depict an understanding between the West and its former foes in Moscow.
In their meeting, Christopher and other ministers assured Kozyrev that no
new members would be recruited in 1995 and that even afterward, expansion
would take time.
Kozyrev today was supposed to formally enter Russia in activities of the
Partnership for Peace, a program designed to prepare potential NATO members
and maintain contacts with other countries that, like Russia, will probably
never be invited to join.
Because Russia resisted being lumped with smaller countries, many of
which had been been dominated by the Soviet Union, it was offered a special
channel of communication with NATO on issues such as nuclear weaponry.
Kozyrev was supposed to sign that accord too, but did not.
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A tovabbterjesztest a New York-i szekhelyu Magyar Emberi Jogok
Alapitvany tamogatja.
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Reposting is supported by Hungarian Human Rights Foundation News
and Information Service.
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|
| + - | VoA: Vasuti szerencsetlenseg - Christopher/Kozep-Europa (mind) |
VÁLASZ |
Feladó:  (cikkei)
|
date=12/2/94
type=correspondent report
number=2-170262
title=Hungary / Train Accident (s-o)
byline=Stefan Bos
dateline=Budapest
content=
voiced at:
Intro: Hungarian police officials say at least 24 people were
killed in a train crash in eastern Hungary. Stefan Bos,
reporting from Budapest, says the search for survivors is
continuing.
Text: Hungarian police officials said Saturday morning that aid
workers were still trying to reach people trapped in the express
train that derailed late Friday.
The accident happened when the train passed a station in the town
of Szajol, 120 kilometers east of Budapest.
Police officials say one train car crashed into an accommodation
for railworkers, two other train cars crashed into the crowded
station hall.
Eyewitnesses say they saw a huge explosion. Investigators don't
exclude the possibility that some train cars were wrongly
connected and not properly checked.
Meanwhile, Hungarian minister of interior Gabor Gunce rushed to
the scene, and president Arpad Goncz and prime minister Gyula
Horn expressed their deep regret over the incident. (Signed)
neb / sb / bd / sd
02-Dec-94 9:51 pm est (0251 utc)
nnnn
source: Voice of America
***************************************************************
date=12/3/94
type=correspondent report
number=2-170278
title=Hungary/Train Crash (s only)
byline=Stefan Bos
dateline=Budapest
content=
voiced at:
// editors -- watch cn wire to update casualties in intro //
Intro: At least 29 people are now confirmed dead and 60 injured
in Hungary's worst train disaster in 26 years. Stefan Bos
reports from Budapest that Hungarian army units are helping with
the search for survivors.
Text: The minister of defense, Gyorgy Keleti, says aid workers
together with soldiers are still running their rescue operation
some 20 hours after the accident happened.
Rescue workers are using dogs in their search for more dead
bodies and possible survivors believed trapped in the wreckage of
the express train that derailed at full speed Friday, and in the
rubble of buildings hit by the train.
The accident happened at a railway station in the town of Szajol,
120 kilometers east of Budapest.
Police say six carriages of the express smashed through a crowded
waiting room and into the ground floor of a railway workers
hostel, demolishing the two-story building.
Dozens of survivors, many seriously injured, were rushed to
several nearby hospitals.
Experts investigating the tragedy do not exclude the
possibility that at least one train carriage was wrongly
connected and not properly checked. (Signed)
neb/sb/dw/mmk
03-Dec-94 9:14 am est (1414 utc)
nnnn
source: Voice of America
*****************************************************************
date=12/3/94
type=correspondent report
number=2-170285
title=Hungary/Train Crash Update (s only)
byline=Stefan Bos
dateline=Budapest
content=
voiced at:
// updates throughout with two workers arrested //
Intro: Authorities in Hungary have arrested two rail workers
they say were responsible for the train crash that killed at
least 29 people and injured more than 60 others. Stefan Bos
reports from Budapest.
Text: Hungarian transport minister Karoly Lotc says the two rail
workers in the small town of Zsojal, 120 kilometers east of
Budapest, have been charged with negligence because he says they
did not return a track switch to its correct position after
diverting a local train.
Fifteen minutes later, the express train traveling at full speed
from Nyiregyhaza in eastern Hungary to Budapest reached Zsojal.
When it struck the diversion switch, six coaches on the express
derailed. They crashed into a crowded waiting room in the train
station and destroyed a rail workers' hostel.
Army units with dogs were called in to help in the rescue
attempt.
Rescue workers told Hungarian radio they believe there are still
people buried in the rubble of the buildings. But with another
cold night ahead, hopes are fading that any survivors will be
found. (Signed)
neb/sb/dw /mmk
03-Dec-94 1:43 pm est (1843 utc)
nnnn
source: Voice of America
****************************************************************
date=12/3/94
type=correspondent report
number=2-170273
title=Christopher / Central Europe (l only)
byline=Ron Pemstein
dateline=Brussels
content=
voiced at:
Intro: U-S secretary of state Warren Christopher has met with 11
Central and East-European ministers to discuss NATO's plan to
enlarge the alliance eastward. Ron Pemstein reports from
Brussels.
Text: They are the four Visegrad countries, four Balkan
countries and the Three baltic countries. They are among the
first Central and East-European candidates for NATO membership or
for joining the European Union at a future date.
Secretary of state Christopher discussed NATO's decision Thursday
to complete work within one-year on internal standards for
enlarging the alliance. When that study is completed, NATO will
discuss the results with prospective new members. Russia has
raised questions about NATO's timetable, but these 11 countries
are more enthusiastic.
Estonian foreign minister Juri Luik says he and his colleagues
were encouraged by what they heard from Mr. Christopher about
expansion of NATO.
/// Luik act ///
We have all said we approve the decisions taken by the
NATO council on the first of December. We think this is
an appropriate way to go further in a very stable,
peaceful, thoughtful way. But at the same time, with a
clear goal of enlargement of the Central European states
and not leaving anybody out.
/// End act ///
Some of the countries, Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic
especially, are considered more advanced in developing western
institutions than the other Central Europeans. Early in the
year, they said they were frustrated by the slow process. But,
secretary of state Christopher told reporters he did not have to
ask his colleagues to be patient.
/// Christopher act ///
NATO is a very serious organization and I think they
understand that membership in NATO would be very serious
business. I was very pleased to hear positive
responses, enthusiasm for the process. I did not have
to ask for patience, I guess is the short answer to your
question.
/// End act ///
Mr. Christopher says they discussed integrating Russia and
insuring that no new bloc, or new wall is built in Europe. He
says these countries will be considered for NATO membership on a
case-by-case basis and none is excluded.
NATO and American officials agree Russia should not be isolated.
But at the same time, they say Moscow cannot have a veto over
which countries are accepted as NATO members.
/// Opt not voiced ///
Present at the meeting were the foreign ministers of Albania,
Romania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, the
Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. Polish foreign minister
Olszewski had to leave Brussels yesterday and Poland was
represented by its ambassador. (Signed)
neb/rp/tms/rae
03-Dec-94 7:03 am est (1203 utc)
nnnn
source: Voice of America
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A tovabbterjesztest a New York-i szekhelyu Magyar Emberi Jogok
Alapitvany tamogatja.
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and Information Service.
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|
| + - | VoA - Szocialistak, Bosznia sajtoszemle (2 cikk) (mind) |
VÁLASZ |
Feladó:  (cikkei)
|
date=12/1/94
type=correspondent report
number=2-170154
title= Hungary Socialists (l-only)
byline=Stefan
dateline=Budapest
content=
voiced at:
Intro: The Socialist International Organization will hold its
first ever council meeting in Eastern Europe Friday and Saturday
in Budapest. Stefan Bos reports from Budapest the most important
point on the agenda will be social democracy in Central and
Eastern Europe.
Text: The secretary general of the Socialist International Luis
Ayala says over 100 socialist and social democratic parties from
as many countries will adopt the so called Budapest Declaration.
Mr. Ayala says the document will outline the main economic and
social questions facing the region.
He says five years after the fall of the Iron Curtain socialists
who are part of governments across Central Europe could not
change the growing gap between the haves and the have-nots.
///Ayala act///
People felt the dynamic changes over the last five years
ago. Nevertheless, we do not see always solidarity
and social justice in this region. There is growing
poverty, growing unemployment and growing insecurity.
That is not acceptable for social democrats.
///End act///
Mr. Ayala admitted some parties participating at the Socialist
International meeting were former communists.
They are viewed by opposition parties as being responsible for
the current crisis facing countries like Hungary where an
estimated three and one-half million people are living below the
accepted living standard.
But Mr. Ayala indicated the Hungarian Socialist Party of prime
minister Gyula Horn, a former communist, might become a full
member of the Socialist International by 1996.
The modern version of the organization was created in 1951 and
was led from 1976 to 1992 by former German chancellor Willy
Brandt.
Unlike their Czech and Slovak counterparts, Hungarian socialists
have only an observer status within the organization.
Mr. Ayala says it is time for reconciliation.
///Ayala act///
We have to look beyond names and slogans and look at the
policies of the Hungarian Socialist Party. And what we
see within the party are social democratic priorities.
///End act///
Besides Central and Eastern Europe, other issues such as the
Middle East are also expected to be high on the agenda.
Israeli foreign minister Shimon Peres and a PLO delegation most
likely headed by Yasser Arafat are also expected to attend.
They are also expected to take part in the CSCE summit
beginning Monday. (Signed)
neb/sp/mh/mmk
01-Dec-94 11:19 am est (1619 utc)
nnnn
source: Voice of America
*************************************************************
Date=12/01/94
type=world opinion roundup
number=6-08726
title=Bosnia Fighting and NATO's Troubles
byline=Andrew N. Guthrie
telephone=619-3335
dateline=Washington
editor=Gary Edquist
content=
(unedited)
Intro: Bosnia Serb fighting around the Muslim-held town of
Bihac, and the divisions within NATO is a prime source
of editorials and comment around the world this week.
We get a sampling from _____________ in today's world
opinion roundup.
Text: The foreign press is generally lamenting the 'failure' -
- as they put it - - of both NATO and the United
Nations peacekeeping forces to stand up to the Serb
onslaught against Bihac and the resulting blow to the
prestige and unity of the Atlantic Alliance. [Begin
opt] Some papers went so far as to interpret statements
by US officials as signals that the Clinton
administration is 'abandoning' the Bosnian Muslims in an
effort to hold the NATO alliance together. And one
paper, the Catholic Church's "La Croix" of Paris went so
far to say of the NATO inaction over Bosnia, " in a way,
the West just offered a posthumous victory to the
USSR." [End opt] We begin our sampling with Egypt's
mass circulation daily "Al-Akhbar" which comments:
Voice: "The United States, which has declared its leadership of
the so-called new world order ... And the UN...
established ... to guard the freedom, sovereignty and
independence of countries, are not ashamed to admit
their inability to stop the most horrible aggression in
Europe since World War Two."
Text: In Saudi Arabia, the daily, An-Nadwa, adds:
Voice: "No sooner had America shown its seriousness by
announcing that it is sending an aircraft carrier and
other ships with US Marines on board than it reneged on
that serious step by saying that the goal of such an
operation is to rescue and protect the protection forces
(UNPROFOR) and, possibly to evacuate them. .... One
would be at a loss for words if one wanted to describe
what has happened and is still happening in Muslim
Bihac."
Text: In Asia, the "Bangladesh Observer" in Dhaka, comments:
Voice: "There is a categorical announcement from .... [US
Secretary of Defense William] Perry that the Marines
moving into the Adriatic are not committed to fighting
and that the US concern is to see the Bosnian war does
not extend to the rest of the Balkans. ...But this has
effectively driven the nail into the coffin. ...
Muslims generally in Asia and Africa cannot help
watching with pained surprise and not little disillusion
- - this outrage in contemporary European (western)
history."
Text: While in neighboring Pakistan, the "News" comments:
Voice: "An ineluctable fact that has emerged from this tragedy
is the total incompetence of the UN and NATO."
Text: And in the North Pacific, Seoul's "Hankyoreh Shinmun"
suggests:
Voice: "As this new situation develops, NATO and the UN face
another round of challenges in defining their roles.
Instead of helping to establish a new world order, the
organizations seem more worried about revamping
themselves. Their impotence bodes ill for future
negotiations."
Text: Turning to Europe, in Budapest, Hungary's
top-circulation "Nepszabadsag" sees it this way:
Voice: "... Bihac is a turning point in international politics
because from now on there is no hope for the peaceful
settling of the Yugoslav crisis... This also means that
there are no 'versatile security institutions' available
for the Eastern European countries, for which the only
remaining alternative is to avoid getting into any
conflict whatsoever."
Text: Meanwhile, the British press was busy analyzing a spat
between soon-to-be Senate majority leader Robert Dole
(of Kansas) and British Defense Secretary Malcolm
Rifkind. Mr. Dole supports punishing the Bosnian Serbs
with NATO air strikes. A "Times" of London editorial
says of the situation:
Voice: "NATO has not yet been broken on the Bosnian wheel
[torture machine]. But the key agreement that underpins
the alliance is fracturing, and in public view. No
previous quarrel, whether over Suez or the deployment of
cruise missiles, extended to questioning the premise
that the security of each NATO member was vital to the
security of the other. .....NATO does have a role (in
Bosnia), and Britain should be exploring with America
ways to maximize its impact, rather than blaming
Washington for lack of leadership."
Text: And in France, the world-famous "Le Monde" ran this
front page editorial which says, in part:
Voice: "Not only has the Bosnian army just suffered a defeat in
Bihac, but also NATO - - [has been] once again
humiliated; Atlantic solidarity - - once again shaken;
the 'Great Powers' - - unable to set up a common
approach. ... The Bihac affair has damaged
Transatlantic solidarity, the American-European entente
which is crucial for Europe's security. ... This
detestable atmosphere is arising at a crucial time for
NATO."
Text: And on that, we conclude this brief look at some of the
world press reaction to the rift between the US and its
European allies in NATO, over the latest developments in
Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Ang/ge
01-Dec-94 4:15 pm est (2115 utc)
nnnn
source: Voice of America
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A tovabbterjesztest a New York-i szekhelyu Magyar Emberi Jogok
Alapitvany tamogatja.
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Reposting is supported by Hungarian Human Rights Foundation News
and Information Service.
*****************************************************************
|
| + - | NATO sajtokozlemeny (mind) |
VÁLASZ |
Feladó:  (cikkei)
|
PRESS RELEASE M-NACC-2(94)119 For immediate release
2 December 1994
MEETING OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC COOPERATION COUNCIL
NATO HEADQUARTERS, BRUSSELS
2 December 1994
PROGRESS REPORT TO MINISTERS BY THE POLITICAL-MILITARY
STEERING COMMITTEE/AD HOC GROUP ON COOPERATION IN
PEACEKEEPING
1. Reflecting the decision of NACC Ministers
in Istanbul to combine NACC and PfP efforts in the
area of cooperation in peacekeeping, the Political-
Military Steering Committee of PfP and the Ad Hoc
Group on Cooperation in Peacekeeping have merged.
The resulting body (the PMSC/AHG) will continue to
serve as the main forum for consultations on
political and conceptual issues related to
peacekeeping. PMSC/AHG meetings are attended by
NACC and PfP members and those CSCE countries with
experience in peacekeeping who have expressed a
desire to cooperate with the Group. In an effort to
enhance coordination of efforts with other
organisations, representatives of the CSCE Chairman-
in-Office regularly attend PMSC/AHG meetings;
members of the United Nations Secretariat have also
participated in a number of activities of the group.
I. CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES
2. The Group continued discussions, at a
Seminar held in Brussels on 5th-7th October 1994, of
the evolving conceptual issues related to
peacekeeping. The Seminar drew speakers from NATO,
the United Nations (including UNHCR and the
UN Department for Humanitarian Affairs), the CSCE,
the WEU, the European Commission, and the
Multinational Force and Observers. Thirteen
delegations made formal presentations on the
evolution of peacekeeping concepts and doctrines as
well as on their national experiences in
peacekeeping. The conclusions of the Seminar, and
areas for follow-on work, are summarised in Annex
II. As a result of the Seminar discussions, the
PMSC/AHG has started a thorough review of the
definitions, principles and criteria set out in the
Report endorsed by NACC Ministers at Athens in June
1993 to see how they can be elaborated upon in light
of peacekeeping experience since that time. In
addition, the Group is comparing national
peacekeeping doctrines in order to determine where
there are similarities and differences and to
promote better coordination, i.e. carrying out
multinational operations.
3. A Seminar on the legal aspects of
peacekeeping has been envisaged for the spring of
1995. Following up a meeting on 21st October of the
PMSC/AHG reinforced by legal experts, this Seminar
would examine in more depth a number of important
legal questions arising from peacekeeping
operations, including mandates, the legal basis for
presence and action under Chapters VI and VII of the
United Nations Charter, limitations on national
sovereignty, and legal issues surrounding
peacekeeping exercises.
II. MEASURES FOR PRACTICAL COOPERATION IN
PEACEKEEPING
4. With regard to activities of practical
cooperation, work continued based on the programme
endorsed by Ministers in December 1993.
5. Peacekeeping Exercises : During the autumn
1994 the first three joint PfP/NACC peacekeeping
exercises were held in Poland, The Netherlands and
the North Sea and Skagerrak area. In all, military
forces and/or ships from 20 different countries took
part in one or more of these exercises; 10 Allies
and 10 Partners. In addition many countries sent
observers to the exercises.
6. Thirteen nations and some 650 troops
participated in Exercise Cooperative Bridge from the
12th to the 16th of September in Biedrusko, Poland.
>From the 28th of September to the 7th of October 14
countries provided ships and aircraft for Exercise
Cooperative Venture in the North Sea and Skagerrak
area. Later in the month, from the 24th to the 28th
of October, 12 countries and approximately 1000
troops took part in Exercise Cooperative Spirit in
the Veluwe, central Netherlands.
7. In addition to building confidence and
sharing peacekeeping experience, the exercises
provided many valuable lessons with respect to both
the joint planning and conduct of training and the
interoperability of the forces of Allied nations and
Partner countries when acting together in
peacekeeping. The 1995 exercise programme will
build upon the lessons learned during 1994 and other
relevant experience, and will promote further
interoperability through the much needed development
of operational procedures, doctrine, training,
command and control, and logistics compatible
between NATO and PfP Partners.
8. A number of bilateral and multilateral
exercises have also been conducted in the spirit of
PfP such as the US/Russia Peacekeeper 94 and the
Bulgarian sponsored maritime exercise Breeze 94. A
comprehensive programme of joint exercises is being
developed for 1995 that builds toward progressively
more complex scenarios involving a wide range of
peacekeeping and other activities. As in 1994, a
number of nationally sponsored multilateral
exercises are also scheduled in the "spirit" of PfP
for 1995.
9. Cooperation in Communications and Command
and Control : Communications is an important
dimension of peacekeeping operations and the work
begun last year under the leadership of The
Netherlands continued during the period. An outline
Concept of Communications for Peacekeeping
Operations is being developed, which will take
account of related cooperation efforts on Command
and Control. Work on the feasibility study on the
development of a data base for communications
equipment continues. In addition, the United Kingdom
has taken the lead in developing further mutual
understanding of the complex and important matter of
Command and Control in peacekeeping operations,
including the holding of a seminar on the subject in
summer 1994 and the consolidation of national views
on this issue.
10. Cooperation in Training : In mid-1994
Denmark issued a first edition of a Peacekeeping
Course Handbook, summarising information provided by
NACC countries on national peacekeeping courses and
other related training capabilities. An updated and
more comprehensive second edition of this compendium
will be issued in the Spring of 1995. Work is also
continuing under Danish lead on the development of
standards for peacekeeping training. During the
period a number of specific peacekeeping training
courses were conducted under NATO(SHAPE) and
national auspices, including courses for personnel
from NACC countries in Poland, the Czech Republic
and the Nordic countries. In 1995 a number of PfP
nations are offering a range of courses. In
addition, the number of peacekeeping courses at the
SHAPE school will increase, and it is planned to
develop and offer an introductory course on NATO
logistics.
11. Cooperation in Logistics : As a follow up
to the successful logistics seminar in late 1993 and
the subsequent workshop in 1994, a Compendium of
Lessons Learned during Logistics Support of
peacekeeping operations was developed and circulated
to nations. In 1995, in addition to the logistics
course referred to in paragraph 10 above, it is
planned to examine logistics field procedures in
peacekeeping operations and to consider the
feasibility of establishing a register of
peacekeeping and humanitarian assistance equipment.
12. Cooperation in Peacekeeping : The PMSC/AHG
noted that, as a practical outcome of the foregoing,
an important step towards further cooperation in
peacekeeping had been taken through the deployment
of a Lithuanian platoon as part of the Danish
Battalion in the UNPROFOR forces in Sector North
(DANBAT) in Croatia. The deployment is the outcome
of the bilateral agreement between Denmark and
Lithuania, and is also seen as a step towards the
development of the Joint Baltic Peacekeeping
Battalion.
PMSC/AHG WORK PROGRAMME - 1995
ANNEX TO 2ND DECEMBER 1994 REPORT TO MINISTERS
I. DEVELOPMENT OF A COMMON UNDERSTANDING OF
OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS AND REQUIREMENTS FOR
PEACEKEEPING
Actions
A. To exchange views on concepts, terminology
and national doctrines on peacekeeping,
within the NACC/PfP framework;
B. To hold a seminar on legal aspects of
peacekeeping in Spring 1995;
C. To broaden and deepen contacts and
cooperation with the United Nations and
CSCE on peacekeeping issues, and to
encourage exchanges of information on this
subject with other concerned bodies, such
as the European Commission, and the
Western European Union;
D. Civil-Military Interface: to be taken
forward as an aspect of work on
humanitarian aspects of peacekeeping
operations;
E. Public Relations: a seminar to be held
during 1995.
II. COOPERATION IN PLANNING FOR PEACEKEEPING
ACTIVITIES
Actions
A. Command and Control: discussion,
reinforced by experts, on the revised UK
paper;
B. Cooperation in Planning: to proceed in
harmony with the work in other fora;
C. Identification of Assets: to proceed in
light of further development of the UN
standby arrangements.
III. DEVELOPMENT OF A COMMON TECHNICAL BASIS IN
PEACEKEEPING
Actions
A. Communications: support for expert group
work to develop a concept of
communications and a feasibility study for
a communications database;
B. Equipment Implications: possible
expert-level discussions of equipment
requirements, including critical
interoperability issues.
IV. PEACEKEEPING TRAINING, EDUCATION, AND EXERCISES
Actions
A. support for expert group work on
peacekeeping course repertoire;
B. consideration of PfP/NACC joint exercise
after-action reports, and of similar
reports offered by nations concerning
relevant bilateral and multilateral
exercises conducted in the spirit of PfP;
C. consolidation and analysis of lessons
learned in all PfP related peacekeeping
exercises.
V. LOGISTICS ASPECTS OF PEACEKEEPING
Actions
A. update the Compendium of Lessons Learned,
based on national inputs;
B. briefings on the UN peacekeeping logistics
manual and the new SHAPE logistics course.
SEMINAR ON PEACEKEEPING AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
Chairman's Summary
Introduction
1. On 5th-7th October 1994 at NATO
Headquarters in Brussels the Seminar on
"Peacekeeping and its Relationship to Crisis
Management" was held, based on the concept agreed by
the Political-Military Steering Committee/Ad Hoc
Group on Cooperation in Peacekeeping (NACC-AHG-
N(94)9(2nd revise)). About 150 participants took
part in the Seminar, representing 38 countries and
various international organisations, including
humanitarian relief organisations.
2. The programme included keynote speeches by
representatives of the UN, the CSCE and NATO.
Thirteen Delegations - Belgium, Canada, the Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Hungary, Italy, Poland, Spain, Sweden and the United
Kingdom - presented national contributions. Other
presentations were given by representatives of the
European Union, the WEU, the UN Department of
Humanitarian Affairs, UNHCR and the Multinational
Force and Observers. General Briquemont, in his
capacity as former UNPROFOR Commander in Bosnia-
Herzegovina, and Ambassador Eide of the
International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia,
made contributions based on their personal
experiences.
3. This paper provides a descriptive report
of the Seminar.
Conceptual issues
4. The first day of the Seminar was devoted
to a discussion of the recent evolution of the
concept of peacekeeping, such as the development of
the role of peacekeeping and its relationship to
crisis management and a reassessment of new tasks,
including the growing importance of the civil-
military interface in peacekeeping operations.
5. It was stressed that the evolution of
peacekeeping concepts has been driven by practical
experience and was, some would say, 'forced change'.
There has not only been an increase in the number of
peacekeeping operations, but also a rapid growth of
variety in functions and tasks. The UN
Representative pointed out that the rapid evolution
of peacekeeping functions and practice has preceded
its conceptualisation; accordingly, no new UN
peacekeeping doctrine underpins UN actions in this
field. Although there are still so-called
'traditional' peacekeeping operations involving
lightly-armed forces operating with the consent of
parties to the conflict, an increasing number of
operations can be labelled multi-functional or
multi-dimensional. Such operations, which still
involve military tasks, encompass a variety of
functions, e.g. preventive deployment, disarmament
and demobilisation of forces, protection and
delivery of humanitarian aid, restoration of public
order and many other civilian tasks such as
humanitarian rights monitoring and facilitating the
return of refugees. A distinction could be made
between multi-functional operations, based on an
agreed settlement (e.g. Cambodia, Namibia), with
limited duration and a great chance of success, and
multi-functional operations where such an agreement
is lacking (Somalia, former Yugoslavia), with
undetermined duration, greater need to use force and
less chance of early success. A particularly
difficult scenario involves questions in the so-
called "failed states" where one of the objectives
of the peacekeeping mission can be the restoration
of the state authority. Such questions have unique
features and require handling on an ad hoc basis.
6. The growing "grey area" of more complex
multi-functional peacekeeping operations referred to
in a number of presentations sets a requirement for
clear and timely decision-making. Early involvement
in a crisis is of utmost importance to prevent waste
of time and resources. Early coordination between
international organisations involved in a
peacekeeping operation and nations taking part in it
is essential to avoid duplications and to ensure
cost-effectiveness. Participants underscored that
the UN tends to call more on regional organisations
for carrying out UN mandated peacekeeping
operations. This requires further coordination and
rationalisation of their activities as well as their
modus operandi. In this context the important role
of the CSCE in early-warning and conflict prevention
was highlighted. Attention was drawn to the CSCE's
status as a UN Charter-Chapter VIII organization,
which under the terms of the Helsinki Final Document
1992 may mandate peacekeeping operations. Although
this has not taken place so far, there is a growing
chance that the CSCE might take such a decision in
the near future, e.g. regarding a multi-national
peacekeeping operation in Nagorno-Karabakh.
7. The multi-dimensional aspect of new
peacekeeping operations also requires a significant
increase and diversification in both military and
civilian tasks, with consequent implications for
training. The military-civilian interface becomes
more important, in particular as the number of
humanitarian organisations involved in peacekeeping
expands. For the more complex multi-functional
peacekeeping operations it becomes all the more
important to have staff procedures and organisation
that can be easily understood by personnel from all
participating nations and organisations.
8. Many speakers noted that more assertive or
robust use of force is increasingly needed in
peacekeeping operations, both under Chapter VI and
Chapter VII of the UN Charter. In particular,
according to some delegations, the concept of
anticipatory self-defense involving greater use of
force could find application at the operational
level to justify offensive action, that would be
covered by Article 40 of the Charter (Chapter VII).
The UN Representative also referred to "second
generation" peacekeeping questions, where a more
robust use of force does not, however, result in
crossing the threshold between Chapter VI and
Chapter VII. Against this background a discussion
took place on principles and criteria set out in the
Athens Report. With regard to the concept of
impartiality, various participants stressed that it
was not synonymous to neutrality. Impartiality at
the strategic/political level remains key, but
application of the principle of impartiality at a
tactical level should not justify inaction by the
peacekeeping force in case a party is acting in a
way contrary to the mandate and objectives of an
operation. On the other hand, such action by the
peacekeeping force might be interpreted by the party
concerned as partiality. Therefore, in practice
strict application of impartiality might prove to be
difficult. Similar considerations apply to the
principle of consent which should obviously exist
for mounting the operation, but should not be
necessarily sought for every single initiative on
the ground, since this might result in the
impossibility for the peacekeeping force to operate
effectively in carrying out its mandate.
9. Although the peacekeeping concept has
developed significantly since June 1993, it was felt
that the definitions of the Athens Report were still
generally valid. However, there might be a need to
elaborate them further to reflect the newly emerging
aspects of current peacekeeping. Several nations
presented their national peacekeeping doctrines; as
a result, the need was felt to address this matter
in further detail and to try to develop a common
ground. It was also stressed that there is a need
for developing a separate concept, principles and
conditions/criteria for peace enforcement operations
as distinct from peacekeeping.
Experience Gathered So Far
10. The second major theme of the Seminar was
the experience gained so far by organisations or
institutions in carrying out multilateral crisis
management and peacekeeping activities, and the need
for further harmonisation of activities in this
area. Much of the discussion on this topic on the
second and third days of the Seminar naturally
focused on the experiences gained in the former
Yugoslavia, the working relationships developed as a
result of that experience, and areas where there was
need for further work.
11. A view expressed by a number of Seminar
participants was that the approach of European
institutions to peacekeeping was evolving, with the
CSCE, EU and WEU all examining new ways to deal with
situations requiring peacekeeping. Relationships
between the various regional and international
organizations involved in peacekeeping were also
changing as the UN and its agencies began to work
more closely with other regional and non-
governmental organisations on peacekeeping. In the
past, crisis management structures had been
established to deal primarily with aggression in the
context of collective defense, as was the case with
NATO. The events in former Yugoslavia caught
virtually all European institutions unprepared and,
as a result, these institutions are now working
towards new approaches and principles that would
permit them to respond quickly and effectively to
future crises. Crises, seminar participants noted,
are more frequently political in nature, and now
require increased use of diplomatic and political
means, as well as military ones, to contain and
manage.
12. Another topic frequently raised in
connection with appropriate responses to crises such
as that in Yugoslavia related to the mandate given
to peacekeepers. Participants agreed that only the
UN or the CSCE could provide mandates for
peacekeeping operations. There was general
agreement that, ideally, mandates should reflect a
clear political goal and strategic vision, and be
well-informed by reporting from the field. In
practice, however, this had proven hard to achieve,
and in fact the process of creating a mandate could
become an iterative one growing out of dozens of
Security Council resolutions, as it has been the
case with the conflict in the former Yugoslavia. A
broad and flexible mandate, while useful from an
operational point of view, could work against the
objective of a clear goal.
13. Related to the issue of a clear mandate
was the issue of unity of command. A number of
speakers said that peacekeeping operations should
have one commander -- in charge of all military,
humanitarian, and other components of the operation
-- reporting directly to the political authorities
of the mandating organization. This unity of
command would permit close coordination and avoid
duplication of effort or, worse, effort at cross-
purposes. Contributing nations need to send well-
trained and well-equipped troops with some
familiarity with local culture, and not second-guess
the decisions of the commander on the ground. One
presentation noted that, in practice, the success of
Operation Deny Flight seemed to suggest that unity
of effort could be to a certain extent a substitute
(although not an ideal one) for unity of command.
14. A common theme that emerged from
presentations was the need for close coordination
and cooperation between all elements of a
peacekeeping operation. Good communications among
all parties is crucial, and can be facilitated by
regular meetings and staff exchanges and through the
use of liaison officers. Training of military and
civilian personnel to understand each other's
perspectives and methods of operation is useful in
this regard, although during periods of crisis there
are practical difficulties in arranging training for
staff who are often urgently needed elsewhere.
15. Another important lesson learned was the
need for an effective information strategy. The
objectives of such a strategy would include:
informing and gaining support and consent of the
local population, maintaining public support in
troop contributing nations, and the establishment of
good relations with the media in the theatre.
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| + - | RFE/RL Daily Report - 5 December 1994 (mind) |
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RFE/RL Daily Report
No. 228, 5 December 1994
CSCE SUMMIT OPENS IN BUDAPEST. The two-day summit of the
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe opens in Budapest
on 5 December, MTI reports. Hungarian President Arpad Goncz met
the previous day with leaders attending the summit, including
Ukrainian and Russian Presidents Leonid Kuchma and Boris Yeltsin.
Yeltsin repeated his concerns about NATO's eastward expansion,
according to MTI. The Hungarian side said NATO expansion would
enhance Central European stability and stressed it was the
sovereign right of each country to decide whether to join the
alliance. In separate talks with Hungarian Foreign Minister Laszlo
Kovacs, Andrei Kozyrev talked at length about the consequences of
NATO's expansion for Russian domestic politics. Kovacs said
Kozyrev did not indicate that Russia was opposed to Hungary's plan
to join NATO. The same day, Kovacs and Prime Minister Gyula Horn
held talks with their Russian counterparts in a meeting that
lasted well into the night. -- Edith Oltay, RFE/RL, Inc.
ROMANIAN SECRET SERVICE PLOTTING TO KILL PRO-HUNGARIAN ACTIVIST?
Radio Bucharest on 2 December quoted the chief of the Austrian
Counterintelligence Service, Peter Blumauer, as saying in an
interview with AFP that the Romanian Intelligence Service was
plotting to kill Austrian lawyer Eva Maria Barki. Barki, who is of
Hungarian origin, has long been regarded in Romania as an
extremist and has actively promoted the rights of the Magyar
minority in Romania, including territorial autonomy. Blumauer said
the RIS planned to liquidate Barki by faking a road accident,
using methods employed in the past by the Securitate, the former
political police. He said Barki has been warned by the Austrian
service to change her daily schedule and take other precautions.
According to Blumauer, two other Hungarians were being targeted by
the RIS, including Reformed Bishop Laszlo Tokes. RIS spokesman
Nicolae Ulieru responded by telling Radio Bucharest the same day
that the service has never employed "elimination methods" and was
not permitted by law to act abroad. Eva Maria Barki, he added, had
been declared persona non grata in Romania for "activities that
infringe on the laws of the Romanian state." -- Michael Shafir,
RFE/RL, Inc.
[As of 1200 CET]
(Compiled by Jan Cleave and Bess Brown)
Copyright 1994, RFE/RL, Inc. All rights reserved.
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A tovabbterjesztest a New York-i szekhelyu Magyar Emberi Jogok
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| + - | VoA - CSCE (mind) |
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date=12/4/94
type=correspondent report
number=2-170300
title=CSCE Summit Preview (l)
byline=Wayne Corey
dateline=Budapest
content=
voiced at:
Intro: The leaders of more than 50 countries are gathering in
Budapest to attend a summit Conference on Security and
Cooperation in Europe. The C-S-C-E's future will be an issue,
but the summit -- which begins on Monday -- will be dominated by
the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Euope's worst crisis since the
Second World War. V-o-A's Central European correspondent Wayne
Corey reports from the Hungarian capital.
Text: Nearly 20 years after it was created, the Conference on
Security and Cooperation in Europe needs to create a more
meaningful role for itself in European affairs.
During the cold war the C-S-C-E was a useful bridge, a forum for
dialogue between the democratic and the communist east.
But the C-S-C-E has been confined to the sidelines as a nearly
irrelevant observer since the violent break-up of Yugoslavia. So
the main question for the summit here is what can and should the
organization do to promote regional peace and stability.
The United States would like the C-S-C-E to have a larger and
more vital role. But the United States and many other countries
oppose the Russian idea of making the C-S-C-E more important than
NATO.
The war in Bosnia has made former communist countries of Eastern
Europe even more anxious to join NATO. NATO membership would
guarantee their protection.
One issue before the summit is whether the C-S-C-E should send
peacekeepers to the largely Armenian enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh.
Russia has been pressing for some kind of European mandate to
deploy peacekeepers to trouble spots in the former Soviet Union.
But the C-S-C-E is likely to hedge and avoid giving Moscow what
it wants.
No matter what it does and what its members may think it should
do, the C-S-C-E operates on the basis of consensus. The
consensus principle protects the rights of the smallest
countries, but it also limits the organization's effectiveness.
The important discussions here will not be a direct part of the
summit but (will be) on the fringes of the meeting.
The United States, Britain, France, and Russia will pursue their
discussions on what to do about the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
British foreign secretary Douglas Hurd and his French
counterpart, Alain Juppe, will brief the other contact group
members on their talks Sunday in Belgrade with Serbian president
Slobodan Milosevic. (Signed)
neb/wc/dw/bg
04-Dec-94 12:31 pm est (1731 utc)
nnnn
source: Voice of America
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A tovabbterjesztest a New York-i szekhelyu Magyar Emberi Jogok
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| + - | Az MNB hivatalos arfolyamai, 1994-DEC-02 (mind) |
VÁLASZ |
Feladó:  (cikkei)
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# A Magyar Nemzeti Bank hivatalos deviza- es valutaarfolyamai
# Official exchange rates of the Hungarian National Bank
# Az adatok tajekoztato jelleguek, felelosseget nem vallalok.
# Az esetleges hibakert elnezest kerek. Velemenyeket es javitasokat
# szivesen fogadok.
# FYI, no responsibility. Opinions, corrections are welcome.
#
# A kereskedelmi bankok arfolyamsavjai/Rates of commercial banks
# vetel/BUY eladas/SELL (HUF)
# USD 106-108 112-116
# DEM 68-69 71-73
#
# VALUTA; ATLAG; VETEL; ELADAS; EGYSEG; MEGJEGYZES
# TYPE; MEAN; BUY; SELL; UNIT; REMARKS
DATE=1994-DEC-02
UNIT=HUF
SOURCE='NAPI Gazdasag, 1994-DEC-03, p.11'
GBP; 174.75; 173.11; 176.59; 1; angol font (skot es eszakir is)
AUD; 86.10; 84.81; 86.41; 1; ausztral dollar
BEF; 344.25; 341.21; 348.13; 100; belga (es luxemburgi) frank(100)
DKK; 18.12; 17.93; 18.29; 1; dan korona
FIM; 22.81; 22.63; 23.09; 1; finn marka
FRF; 20.66; 20.47; 20.89; 1; francia frank
GRD; 0.00; 45.54; 46.46; 100; gorog drachma(100) (atlagar nincs)
NLG; 63.26; 62.67; 63.93; 1; holland forint
IEP; 171.66; 169.76; 173.22; 1; ir font
JPY; 1118.30; 1109.90; 1131.90; 1000; japan jen(1000)
CAD; 81.03; 80.27; 81.85; 1; kanadai dollar
KWD; 372.51; 369.07; 376.31; 1; kuvaiti dinar
DEM; 70.87; 70.71; 71.59; 1; nemet marka
NOK; 16.28; 16.13; 16.45; 1; norveg korona
ITL; 69.03; 68.34; 69.74; 1000; olasz lira(1000)
ATS; 10.06; 9.97; 10.17; 1; osztrak schilling(1)
PTE; 69.33; 68.72; 70.12; 100; portugal escudo(100)
ESP; 84.88; 84.08; 85.80; 100; spanyol peseta(100)
CHF; 83.85; 83.01; 84.71; 1; svajci frank
SEK; 14.79; 14.64; 14.94; 1; sved korona
???; 27.50; 0.00; 0.00; 1; tr. es cl. rubel
USD; 111.64; 110.55; 112.69; 1; USA-dollar
XEU; 135.27; 133.93; 136.65; 1; European Currency Unit (ECU)
|
| + - | Az MNB hivatalos arfolyamai, 1994-DEC-02 (mind) |
VÁLASZ |
Feladó:  (cikkei)
|
# A Magyar Nemzeti Bank hivatalos deviza- es valutaarfolyamai
# Official exchange rates of the Hungarian National Bank
# Az adatok tajekoztato jelleguek, felelosseget nem vallalok.
# Az esetleges hibakert elnezest kerek. Velemenyeket es javitasokat
# szivesen fogadok.
# FYI, no responsibility. Opinions, corrections are welcome.
#
# A kereskedelmi bankok arfolyamsavjai/Rates of commercial banks
# vetel/BUY eladas/SELL (HUF)
# USD 106-108 112-116
# DEM 68-69 71-73
#
# VALUTA; ATLAG; VETEL; ELADAS; EGYSEG; MEGJEGYZES
# TYPE; MEAN; BUY; SELL; UNIT; REMARKS
DATE=1994-DEC-02
UNIT=HUF
SOURCE='NAPI Gazdasag, 1994-DEC-03, p.11'
GBP; 174.75; 173.11; 176.59; 1; angol font (skot es eszakir is)
AUD; 86.10; 84.81; 86.41; 1; ausztral dollar
BEF; 344.25; 341.21; 348.13; 100; belga (es luxemburgi) frank(100)
DKK; 18.12; 17.93; 18.29; 1; dan korona
FIM; 22.81; 22.63; 23.09; 1; finn marka
FRF; 20.66; 20.47; 20.89; 1; francia frank
GRD; 0.00; 45.54; 46.46; 100; gorog drachma(100) (atlagar nincs)
NLG; 63.26; 62.67; 63.93; 1; holland forint
IEP; 171.66; 169.76; 173.22; 1; ir font
JPY; 1118.30; 1109.90; 1131.90; 1000; japan jen(1000)
CAD; 81.03; 80.27; 81.85; 1; kanadai dollar
KWD; 372.51; 369.07; 376.31; 1; kuvaiti dinar
DEM; 70.87; 70.71; 71.59; 1; nemet marka
NOK; 16.28; 16.13; 16.45; 1; norveg korona
ITL; 69.03; 68.34; 69.74; 1000; olasz lira(1000)
ATS; 10.06; 9.97; 10.17; 1; osztrak schilling(1)
PTE; 69.33; 68.72; 70.12; 100; portugal escudo(100)
ESP; 84.88; 84.08; 85.80; 100; spanyol peseta(100)
CHF; 83.85; 83.01; 84.71; 1; svajci frank
SEK; 14.79; 14.64; 14.94; 1; sved korona
???; 27.50; 0.00; 0.00; 1; tr. es cl. rubel
USD; 111.64; 110.55; 112.69; 1; USA-dollar
XEU; 135.27; 133.93; 136.65; 1; European Currency Unit (ECU)
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